-Power of subcommittee chairmen
committee chairmen decreased.
-the Senate is a more naturally decentralized and informal body:
a. Fewer members, fewer formal rules.
b. Lack of a Speaker.
c. Lack of a strong
Rules Committee.
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direct election
of senators.
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cloture
17th Amendment >In 1917, Senate provided means to kill a filibuster: 3/5 vote for.
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Term of Congress lasts two years.
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Only 1/3 of Senate is up for reelection every two years – more stability/continuity
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Senate has been a more informal body with less need than the House for as many
strict procedures.
With a smaller size, the
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franking privilege,
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Reelection rate in House: >90% (96% in 2008)
-B. Reelection rate in Senate: >80%.
(90% in 2008)
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boundaries to favor the party in power of the state legislature.
gerrymandering: redrawing
-reapportioning every 10 years
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frequently in the courts due to its broad interpretation by Congress.
Regulate foreign, interstate, Indian commerce. This clause has been tested
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C. House votes for impeachment (majority vote needed), Senate tries impeachment cases (2/3
vote needed to convict).
Senate approves presidential appointments with majority vote.
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committee, the related federal agency, and the impacted interest groups.
Iron triangles (also known as subgovernments, issue networks, policy networks): a congressional
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This was the intent of the Founders: to create a cautious and deliberate process.
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Pigeonhole: postponed indefinitely; most frequent fate of a bill.
-
-
can be overridden by 2/3 vote in both houses.
Senate only allows filibusters. ended w/ 3/5 voteVeto the bill in full >
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the House or Senate.
Real work of Cong. is done in committees and subcommittees, not on the floor of
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Congress.
Standing committees are the permanent committees of
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Ways and Means: deals with tax bills.
3. Appropriations: deals with spending bills.
-conference committee-
Temporary committees comprised of members from both houses.
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people have demanded that the federal government play a larger role in areas of
public concern, e.g., pollution, labor issues, air travel safety. The executive branch
has thus grown to meet those public demands.
Growing complexity of society: With a highly industrial and technological society,
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1. Power: Head of the armed forces (link w/civilian supremacy).
Commander in Chief.
-
1. Powers.
a. Proposes legislation.
b. Signs laws.
-Chief Executive.= enforce laws/ treaties
- chief diplo= foreign affairs
-Chief of State.
1. The ceremonial head of our nation,
-
roles
A.
1. Selects the party’s chairman of the national committee and v.p. nominee.
-Chief Economist.
1. Responsible for the overall health of the economy.
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not require Senate consent
Chief Legislator.Nonconstitutional.Head of Political Party.Appointments to the White House Office, e.g. Chief of Staff, generally do
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OMB: prepares the annual budget and reviews federal programs.
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President can easily go directly to the people with his case.
Use of media. Media focuses more on a single person than on 535 people.
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foreign policy.
Congress itself delegated strong powers to the executive branch, esp. in area of
-executive agreement=
“deals” between the President and the head of another nation
The former does not require Senate ratification as does the latter. The former are(
-
1. Def.: the right of President to not divulge conversations between himself and his
advisers.
Executive privilege.
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War powers: passage of the War Powers Resolution of 1973.
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Impoundment: passage of Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974: